Championnat du monde d’échecs 1921 et Championnat du monde d’échecs 1927.

De 1913 à 1918, Capablanca remporta cinq tournois à New York. En 1913–1914, il fit une tournée en Europe.

1915–1922 : vainqueur du championnat du monde

De 1915 à 1922, Capablanca remporta tous ses tournois et ses matchs à New York, La Havane, Hastings et Londres.

1924-1931 : Champion du monde

De 1918 à 1922, Capablanca n’avait perdu aucune partie sur 62 parties disputées. Sa défaite contre Réti lors du tournoi de New York 1924 fit sensation. En 1929 à Carlsbad, Capablanca, qui faisait très peu d’erreurs, laissa une pièce en prise au neuvième coup contre Sämisch.

1934-1939

En 1933, à Los Angeles, Capablanca remporta une partie exhibition contre Steiner, partie jouée avec des pièces vivantes.

Une partie

Richard Réti – José Raúl Capablanca, Berlin, 1928

1. e4 e5 2. Cf3 Cc6 3. Fb5 d6 4. c3 a6 5. Fa4 f5 6. d4 fxe4 7. Cg5 (Cxe5 est possible dxe5 8. Dh5+) exd4 8. Cxe4 Cf6 9. Fg5 Fe7 10. Dxd4? (Fxf6 Fxf6 11.Dh5 était meilleur) b5 11. Cxf6+ gxf6 12. Dd5 bxa4 13. Fh6 (menace Fg7) Dd7 14. O-O Fb7 15. Fg7 O-O-O 16. Fxh8 Ce5 (les Noirs ont une attaque irrésistible sur l’aile roi) 17. Dd1 Ff3! (menace Dg4, si 18.Dd4, Dh3!) 18. gxf3 Dh3 0-1 (les menaces Cxf3 ou Tg8 conduisent au mat)

Apparitions dans des films

Capablanca a fait une apparition en 1925 dans le film russe La Fièvre des échecs, réalisé par Vsevolod Poudovkine. Il est cité dans un épisode de Columbo, Match dangereux, en 1973, et dans le film La Diagonale du fou en 1984 de Richard Dembo.

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José Raúl Capablanca

José Raúl Capablanca
Full name	José Raúl Capablanca y Graupera
Country	Cuba
Born	19 November 1888 Havana, Cuba
Died	8 March 1942 (aged 53) New York City, New York United States
Title	Grandmaster
World Champion	1921–1927

José Raúl Capablanca y Graupera (19 November 1888 – 8 March 1942) was a Cuban chess player who was world chess champion from 1921 to 1927. One of the greatest players of all time, he was renowned for his exceptional endgame skill and speed of play. ^{[1] [2]} Due to his achievements in the chess world, mastery over the board and his relatively simple style of play he was nicknamed the « Human Chess Machine ». ^{[3] [4]}

Contents 1 Biography and career 1.1 Childhood 1.2 Early adult career 1.3 World title contender 1.4 During World War I 1.5 World Champion 1.6 Losing the title 1.7 Post-championship and partial retirement 1.8 Return to competitive chess 1.9 Final years 2 Assessment 2.1 Playing strength and style 2.2 Influence on the game 2.3 Personality 3 Capablanca chess

Biography and career

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Childhood

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José Raúl Capablanca, the second surviving son of a Spanish army officer, ^[5] was born in Havana on November 19, 1888. ^[6] According to Capablanca, he learned the rules of the game at the age of four by watching his father play, pointed out an illegal move by his father, and then beat his father twice. At the age of eight he was taken to Havana Chess Club, which had hosted many important contests, but on the advice of a doctor he was not allowed to play frequently. Between November and December 1901, he narrowly beat the Cuban Chess Champion, Juan Corzo, in a match. ^{[6] [7] [8]} However in April 1902 he only came fourth out of six in the National Championship, losing both his games against Corzo. ^[8] In 1905 Capablanca passed with ease the entrance examinations for Columbia University in New York City, where he wished to play for Columbia’s strong baseball team, and soon was selected as shortstop on the freshman team. ^[7] In the same year he joined the Manhattan Chess Club, and was soon recognized as the club’s strongest player. ^[6] He was particularly dominant in rapid chess, winning a tournament ahead of the reigning World Chess Champion, Emanuel Lasker, in 1906. ^[6] In 1908 he left the university to concentrate on chess. ^{[6] [7]}

According to Columbia University, Capablanca enrolled at Columbia’s School of Mines, Engineering and Chemistry in September, 1910, to study chemical engineering. ^[9] Later, his financial support was withdrawn because he preferred playing chess to studying engineering. He left Columbia after one semester to devote himself to chess full time.

Early adult career

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Capablanca’s skill in rapid chess lent itself to simultaneous exhibitions, and his increasing reputation in these events led to a USA-wide tour in 1909. ^[10] Playing 602 games in 27 cities, he scored 96.4% – a much higher percentage than those of, for example, Géza Maróczy’s 88% and Frank Marshall’s 86% in 1906. This performance gained him sponsorship for an exhibition match that year against Marshall, the US champion, ^[11] who had won the 1904 Cambridge Springs tournament ahead of World Champion Emanuel Lasker and Dawid Janowski, and whom Chessmetrics ranks as one of the world’s top three players at his peak. ^[12] Capablanca beat Marshall by 15–8 (8 wins, 1 loss, 14  draws) – a margin comparable to what Emanuel Lasker achieved against Marshall (8 wins, no losses, 7 draws) in winning his 1907 World Championship match. After the match, Capablanca said that he had never opened a book on chess openings. ^{[6] [13]} Following this match, Chessmetrics rates Capablanca the world’s third strongest player for most of the period from 1909 through 1912. ^[14]

Capablanca won six games and drew one in the 1910 New York State Championship. Both Capablanca and Charles Jaffe won their four games in the knock-out preliminaries and met in a match to decide the winner, who would be the first to win two games. The first game was drawn and Capablanca won the second and third game. It is incorrectly said in Golombek’s book on Capablanca that Capablanca won all seven games. ^[15] After another gruelling series of simultaneous exhibitions, ^[10] Capablanca placed second, with 9½ out of 12, in the 1911 National Tournament at New York, half a point behind Marshall, and half a point ahead of Charles Jaffe and Oscar Chajes. ^{[15] [16]} Marshall, invited to play in a tournament at San Sebastián, Spain, in 1911, insisted that Capablanca also be allowed to play. ^[17]

According to David Hooper and Ken Whyld, San Sebastián 1911 was « one of the strongest five tournaments held up to that time », as all the world’s leading players competed except the World Champion, Lasker. ^{[18] [19]} At the beginning of the tournament, Ossip Bernstein and Aron Nimzowitsch objected to Capablanca’s presence because he had not fulfilled the entry condition of winning at least third prize in two master tournaments. ^[6] Capablanca won brilliantly against Bernstein in the very first round, more simply against Nimzowitsch, ^[10] and astounded the chess world by taking first place, with a score of six wins, one loss and seven draws, ahead of Akiba Rubinstein, Milan Vidmar, Marshall, Carl Schlechter and Siegbert Tarrasch, et al. ^[6] His loss, against Rubinstein, was one of the most brilliant achievements of the latter’s career. ^[20] Some European critics grumbled that Capablanca’s style was rather cautious, though he conceded fewer draws than any of the next six finishers in the event. Capablanca was now recognized as a serious contender for the world championship. ^[10]

World title contender

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In 1911, Capablanca challenged Emanuel Lasker for the World Chess Championship. Lasker accepted his challenge while proposing 17 conditions for the match. Capablanca objected to some of the conditions, which favored Lasker, and the match did not take place. ^{[21] [22]}

In 1913, Capablanca won a tournament in New York with 11/13, half a point ahead of Marshall. ^{[15] [23]} Capablanca then finished second to Marshall in Capablanca’s hometown, Havana, scoring 10 out of 14, and losing one of their individual games. ^{[15] [24]} The 600 spectators naturally favored their native hero, but sportingly gave Marshall « thunderous applause ». ^{[24] [25]} In a further tournament in New York in 1913, at the Rice Chess Club, Capablanca won all thirteen games. ^{[10] [15]}

In September 1913, Capablanca received a job in the Cuban Foreign Office, ^[6] which made him financially secure for life. ^[19] Hooper and Whyld write that, « He had no specific duties, but was expected to act as a kind of ambassador-at-large, a well-known figure who would put Cuba on the map wherever he travelled. » ^[26] His first instructions were to go to Saint Petersburg, where he was due to play in a major tournament. ^[10] On his way, he gave simultaneous exhibitions in London, Paris and Berlin, where he also played two-game matches against Richard Teichmann and Jacques Mieses, winning all his games. ^{[6] [10]} In Saint Petersburg, he played similar matches against Alexander Alekhine, Eugene Znosko-Borovsky and Fyodor Duz-Chotimirsky, losing one game to Znosko-Borovsky and winning the rest. ^[6]

The St. Petersburg 1914 chess tournament was the first in which Capablanca played World Champion Emanuel Lasker under normal tournament conditions. ^[10] This event was arranged in an unusual way: after a preliminary single round-robin tournament involving 11 players, the top five were to play a second stage in double round-robin format, with scores from the preliminary tournament carried forward to the second contest. ^[10] Capablanca placed first in the preliminary tournament, 1½ points ahead of Lasker, who was out of practice and made a shaky start. Despite a determined effort by Lasker, Capablanca still seemed on course for ultimate victory. However, in their second game of the final, Lasker reduced Capablanca to a helpless position and Capablanca was so shaken by this that he blundered away his next game to Siegbert Tarrasch. ^[10] Lasker thus finished half a point ahead of Capablanca and 3½ ahead of Alekhine. ^{[6] [27]} Alekhine commented:

His real, incomparable gifts first began to make themselves known at the time of St. Petersburg, 1914, when I too came to know him personally. Neither before nor afterwards have I seen – and I cannot imagine as well – such a flabbergasting quickness of chess comprehension as that possessed by the Capablanca of that epoch. Enough to say that he gave all the St. Petersburg masters the odds of 5–1 in quick games – and won! With all this he was always good-humoured, the darling of the ladies, and enjoyed wonderful good health – really a dazzling appearance. That he came second to Lasker must be entirely ascribed to his youthful levity – he was already playing as well as Lasker. ^[28]

After the breakdown of his attempt to negotiate a title match in 1911, Capablanca drafted rules for the conduct of future challenges, which were agreed by the other top players at the 1914 Saint Petersburg tournament, including Lasker, and approved at the Mannheim Congress later that year. The main points were: the champion must be prepared to defend his title once a year; the match should be won by the first player to win six or eight games, whichever the champion preferred; and the stake should be at least £1,000 (worth about £347,000 or $700,000 in 2006 terms ^[29]). ^[22]

During World War I

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World War I began in midsummer 1914, bringing international chess to a virtual halt for more than four years. ^[10] Capablanca won tournaments in New York in 1914, 1915, 1916 (with preliminary and final round-robin stages) and 1918, losing only one game in this sequence. ^[30] In the 1918 event Frank James Marshall, playing Black against Capablanca, unleashed a complicated counter-attack, later known as the Marshall Attack, against the Ruy Lopez opening. It is often said that Marshall had kept this secret for use against Capablanca since his defeat in their 1909 match; ^[31] however, Edward Winter discovered several games between 1910 and 1918 where Marshall passed up opportunities to use the Marshall Attack against Capablanca; and an 1893 game that used a similar line. ^[32] This gambit is so complex that Garry Kasparov used to avoid it, ^[33] and Marshall had the advantage of using a prepared variation. Nevertheless, Capablanca found a way through the complications and won. ^[19] Capablanca was challenged to a match in 1919 by Borislav Kostić, who had come through the 1918 tournament undefeated to take second place. The match was to go to the first player to win eight games, but Kostić resigned the match after losing five straight games. ^{[6] [34]} Capablanca considered that he was at his strongest around this time. ^{[10] [35]}

World Champion

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The Hastings Victory tournament of 1919 was the first international competition on Allied soil since 1914. The field was not strong, ^[10] and Capablanca won with 10½ points out of 11, one point ahead of Kostić. ^[30]

In January 1920, Emanuel Lasker and Capablanca signed an agreement to play a World Championship match in 1921, noting that Capablanca was not free to play in 1920. Because of the delay, Lasker insisted that if he resigned the title, then Capablanca should become World Champion. Lasker had previously included in his agreement before World War I to play Akiba Rubinstein for the title a similar clause that if he resigned the title, it should become Rubinstein’s. ^[36] Lasker then resigned the title to Capablanca on June 27, 1920, saying, « You have earned the title not by the formality of a challenge, but by your brilliant mastery. » When Cuban enthusiasts raised $20,000 to fund the match provided it was played in Havana, Lasker agreed in August 1920 to play there, but insisted that he was the challenger as Capablanca was now the champion. Capablanca signed an agreement that accepted this point, and soon afterwards published a letter confirming it. ^[36]

The match was played in March–April 1921; Lasker resigned it after just fourteen games, having lost four games and won none. ^[36] Reuben Fine and Harry Golombek attributed the one-sided result to Lasker’s being in mysteriously poor form. ^{[30] [37]} Fred Reinfeld mentioned speculations that Havana’s humid climate weakened Lasker and that he was depressed about the outcome of World War I, especially as he had lost his life savings. ^[10] On the other hand, Vladimir Kramnik thought that Lasker played quite well and the match was an « even and fascinating fight » until Lasker blundered in the last game. Kramnik explained that Capablanca was twenty years younger, a slightly stronger player, and had more recent competitive practice. ^[38]

Edward Winter, after a lengthy summary of the facts, concludes that, « The press was dismissive of Lasker’s wish to confer the title on Capablanca, even questioning the legality of such an initiative, and in 1921 it regarded the Cuban as having become world champion by dint of defeating Lasker over the board. » ^[36] Reference works invariably give Capablanca’s reign as titleholder as beginning in 1921, not 1920. ^{[39] [40] [41]} The only challenger besides Capablanca to win the title without losing a game is Kramnik, in the Classical World Chess Championship 2000 against Garry Kasparov. ^[42]

Capablanca won the London tournament of 1922 with 13 points from 15 games with no losses, ahead of Alexander Alekhine on 11½, Milan Vidmar (11), and Akiba Rubinstein (10½). ^[43] During this event, Capablanca proposed the « London Rules » to regulate future World Championship negotiations: the first player to win six games would win the match; playing sessions would be limited to 5 hours; the time limit would be 40 moves in 2½ hours; the champion must defend his title within one year of receiving a challenge from a recognized master; the champion would decide the date of the match; the champion was not obliged to accept a challenge for a purse of less than US $10,000 (worth about $349,000 in 2006 terms ^[44]); 20% of the purse was to be paid to the title holder and the remainder divided, 60% going to the winner of the match, and 40% to the loser; the highest purse bid must be accepted. ^[45] Alekhine, Efim Bogoljubow, Géza Maróczy, Richard Reti, Rubinstein, Tartakower and Vidmar promptly signed them. ^[46] Between 1921 and 1923 Alekhine, Rubinstein and Nimzowitsch all challenged Capablanca, but only Alekhine could raise the money, in 1927. ^[47]

In 1922, Capablanca also gave a simultaneous exhibition in Cleveland against 103 opponents, the largest in history up to that time, winning 102 and drawing one – setting a record for the best winning percentage ever in a large simultaneous exhibition. ^[48]

After beginning with four draws, followed by a loss, ^[10] Capablanca placed second at the New York 1924 chess tournament with the score of 14/20 (+10 -1 =9), 1½ points behind Emanuel Lasker, and 2 ahead of third-placed Alekhine. ^[43] Capablanca’s defeat at the hands of Richard Reti in the fifth round was his first in serious competition in eight years. ^{[15] [49]} He made another bad start at the Moscow 1925 chess tournament, ^[10] and could only fight back to third place, two points behind Bogoljubow and ½ point behind Emanuel Lasker. Capablanca won at Lake Hopatcong, 1926 with 6 points out of 8, ahead of Abraham Kupchik (5) and Maroczy (4½). ^[50]

A group of Argentinian businessmen, backed by a guarantee from the president of Argentina, promised the funds for a World Championship match between Capablanca and Alekhine in 1927. ^[51] Since Nimzowitsch had challenged before Alekhine, Capablanca gave Nimzowitsch until January 1, 1927 to deposit a forfeit in order arrange a match. ^[52] When this did not materialize, a Capablanca–Alekhine match was agreed, to begin in September 1927. ^[53]

In the New York 1927 chess tournament, played from February 19 to March 23, 1927, ^{[54] [55]} six of the world’s strongest masters played a quadruple round robin, with the others being Alekhine, Rudolf Spielmann, Milan Vidmar, Nimzowitsch and Marshall, ^[50] with Bogoljubow and Emanuel Lasker not present. ^[19] Before the tournament, Capablanca wrote that he had « more experience but less power » than in 1911, that he had peaked in 1919 and that some of his competitors had become stronger in the meantime; ^[10] however, he finished undefeated, winning the mini-matches with each of his rivals, 2½ points ahead of second-place Alekhine, and won the « best game » prize for a win over Spielmann. ^[50]

In December 1921, shortly after becoming World Champion, Capablanca married Gloria Simoni Betancourt. They had a son, José Raúl Jr., in 1923 and a daughter, Gloria, in 1925. ^[56] According to Capablanca’s second wife, Olga, his first marriage broke down fairly soon, and he and Gloria had affairs. ^[57] Both his parents died during his reign, his father in 1923 and mother in 1926. ^[56]

Losing the title

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Since Capablanca had won the New York 1927 chess tournament overwhelmingly and had never lost a game to Alekhine, the Cuban was regarded by most pundits as the clear favorite in their World Chess Championship 1927 match. ^[10] However, Alekhine won the match, played from September to November 1927 at Buenos Aires, by 6 wins, 3 losses, and 25 draws ^[52] – the longest formal World Championship match until the contest in 1984–85 between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov. ^[58] Alekhine’s victory surprised almost the entire chess world. ^[52] After Capablanca’s death, Alekhine expressed surprise at his own victory, since in 1927 he had not thought he was superior to Capablanca, and he suggested that Capablanca had been over-confident. ^[28] Capablanca entered the match with no technical or physical preparation, ^{[6] [10]} while Alekhine got himself into good physical condition, ^[59] and had thoroughly studied Capablanca’s play. ^[60] According to Kasparov, Alekhine’s research uncovered many small inaccuracies, which occurred because Capablanca was unwilling to concentrate intensely. ^[61] Vladimir Kramnik commented that this was the first contest in which Capablanca had no easy wins. ^[38] Luděk Pachman suggested that Capablanca, who was unaccustomed to losing games or to any other type of setback, became depressed over his unnecessary loss of the eleventh game, a long, gruelling endgame, featuring errors by both players. ^{[62] [63]}

Immediately after winning the match, Alekhine announced that he was willing to give Capablanca a return match, on the same terms that Capablanca had required as champion – the challenger must provide a stake of US $10,000, of which more than half would go to the defending champion even if he was defeated. ^[64] Alekhine had challenged Capablanca in the early 1920s but Alekhine could not raise the money until 1927. ^[47] After Capablanca’s death, Alekhine wrote that Capablanca’s demand for a $10,000 stake was an attempt to avoid challenges. ^[28] Negotiations dragged on for several years, often breaking down when agreement seemed in sight. Their relationship became bitter, and Alekhine demanded much higher appearance fees for tournaments in which Capablanca also played. ^{[59] [65]}

Post-championship and partial retirement

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After losing the World Championship in late 1927, Capablanca played more often in tournaments, hoping to strengthen his claim for a rematch. ^[66] From 1928 through 1931, he won six first prizes, also finishing second twice and one joint second. ^[15] His competitors included rising stars such as Max Euwe and Isaac Kashdan, ^{[67] [68]} as well as players who had been established in the 1920s, but Capablanca and Alekhine never played in the same tournament during this period, and would next meet only at the Nottingham, 1936 tournament, after Alekhine had lost the world title to Euwe the preceding year. ^{[66] [69] [70]} In late 1931, Capablanca also won a match (+2 -0 =8) against Euwe, ^{[15] [70]} whom Chessmetrics ranks sixth in the world at the time. ^[71]

Despite these excellent results, Capablanca’s play showed signs of decline: his play slowed from the speed of his youth, with occasional time trouble; ^[19] although he continued to produce many superb games, he also made some gross blunders. ^{[10] [19] [70]} Chessmetrics nonetheless ranks Capablanca as the second strongest player in the world (after Alekhine) from his loss of the title through to autumn 1932, except for a brief appearance in the top place. ^[14]

After winning an event at New York in 1931, he withdrew from serious chess, ^[15] perhaps disheartened by his inability to secure a return match against Alekhine, ^[70] and played only less serious games at the Manhattan Chess Club and simultaneous displays. ^[72] On 6 December 1933, Capablanca won all 9 of his games in one of the club’s weekly rapid chess tournaments, finishing 2 points ahead of Samuel Reshevsky, Reuben Fine and Milton Hanauer. ^[72]

Return to competitive chess

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At first Capablanca did not divorce his first wife, as he had not intended to re-marry. Olga, Capablanca’s second wife, wrote that she met him in the late spring of 1934; by late October the pair were deeply in love, and Capablanca recovered his ambition to prove he was the world’s best player. ^[57] In 1938 he divorced his first wife and then married Olga on October 20, 1938, ^[57] about a month before the AVRO tournament. ^[73]

Starting his comeback at the Hastings tournament of 1934–35, Capablanca finished fourth, although coming ahead of Mikhail Botvinnik and Andor Lilienthal. ^[74] He placed second by ½ point in the Margate tournaments of 1935 and 1936. At Moscow in 1935 Capablanca finished fourth, 1 point behind the joint winners, ^[74] while Emanuel Lasker’s third place at the age of 66 was hailed as « a biological miracle. » ^[75] The following year, Capablanca won an even stronger tournament in Moscow, one point ahead of Botvinnik and 3½ ahead of Salo Flohr, who took third place; ^[74] A month later, he shared first place with Botvinnik at Nottingham, with a score of (+5 -1 =8), losing only to Flohr; Alekhine placed sixth, only one point behind the joint winners. ^[74] These tournaments of 1936 were the last two that Lasker played, ^[76] and the only ones in which Capablanca finished ahead of Lasker, now 67. ^[77] During these triumphs Capablanca began to suffer symptoms of high blood pressure. ^[35] He tied for second place at Semmering in 1937, then could only finish seventh of the eight players at the 1938 AVRO tournament, ^[78] an élite contest designed to select a challenger for Alekhine’s world title. ^{[79] [80]} Capablanca’s high blood pressure was not correctly diagnosed and treated until after the AVRO tournament, and caused him to lose his train of thought towards the end of playing sessions. ^[35]

After winning at Paris in 1938 and placing second in a slightly stronger tournament at Margate in 1939, Capablanca played for Cuba in the 8th Chess Olympiad, held in Buenos Aires, and won the gold medal for the best performance on the top board. ^[81] While Capablanca and Alekhine were both representing their countries in Buenos Aires, Capablanca made a final attempt to arrange a World Championship match. Alekhine declined, saying he was obliged to be available to defend his adopted homeland, France, as World War II had just broken out. ^[82] Alekhine also sat out the match when the teams from Cuba and France faced each other in the Buenos Aires Olympiad, thus declining an opportunity to play Capablanca once more.

Final years

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On 7 March 1942, Capablanca was observing a skittles game and chatting with friends at the Manhattan Chess Club in New York City, when he asked for help removing his coat, and collapsed shortly afterwards. He was taken to Mount Sinai Hospital, where he died at 6 a.m. the next morning. The cause of death was given as « a cerebral haemorrhage provoked by hypertension ». ^[83] Capablanca’s great rival Emanuel Lasker had died in the same hospital only a year earlier. ^[84] Capablanca’s body was given a public funeral in Havana’s Colón Cemetery on March 15, 1942. ^[83]

His bitter rival Alekhine wrote in a tribute to Capablanca:

… Capablanca was snatched from the chess world much too soon. With his death, we have lost a very great chess genius whose like we shall never see again. ^[28]

Emanuel Lasker once said: « I have known many chess players, but only one chess genius: Capablanca. »

An annual Capablanca Memorial tournament has been held in Cuba, most often in Havana, since 1962. ^[85]

Assessment

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Playing strength and style

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As an adult, Capablanca lost only 34 serious games. ^[84] He was undefeated from February 10, 1916, when he lost to Oscar Chajes in the New York 1916 tournament, to March 21, 1924, when he lost to Richard Réti in the New York International tournament. During this streak, which included his 1921 World Championship match against Lasker, Capablanca played 63 games, winning 40 and drawing 23. ^{[49] [86]} In fact, only Marshall, Lasker, Alekhine and Rudolf Spielmann won two or more serious games from the mature Capablanca, though in each case, their overall lifetime scores were minus (Capablanca beat Marshall +20 -2 =28, Lasker +6 -2 =16, Alekhine +9 -7 =33), except for Spielmann who was level (+2 -2 =8).^{[ citation needed]} Of top players, only Keres had a narrow plus score against him^{[ citation needed]} (+1 -0 =5). ^[87] Keres’ win was at the AVRO 1938 chess tournament, during which tournament Capablanca turned 50, while Keres was 22. ^[88]

Statistical ranking systems place Capablanca high among the greatest players of all time. Nathan Divinsky and Raymond Keene’s book Warriors of the Mind (1989) ranks him fifth, behind Garry Kasparov, Anatoly Karpov, Bobby Fischer and Mikhail Botvinnik – and immediately ahead of Emanuel Lasker. ^[89] In his 1978 book The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present, Arpad Elo gave retrospective ratings to players based on their performance over the best five-year span of their career. He concluded that Capablanca was the strongest of those surveyed, with Lasker and Botvinnik sharing second place. ^[90] Chessmetrics (2006) is rather sensitive to the length of the periods being compared, and ranks Capablanca between third and fourth strongest of all time for peak periods ranging in length from one to fifteen years. ^[91] Its author, the statistician Jeff Sonas, concluded that Capablanca had more years in the top three than anyone except Lasker, Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov – although Alexander Alekhine had more years in the top two positions. ^[92] A 2006 study claimed to show that Capablanca was the most accurate of all the World Champions when compared with computer analysis of World Championship match games. ^{[93] [94]} However, this analysis was criticized for using a second-rank chess program, Crafty, modified to limit its calculations to six moves by each side, and for favoring players whose style matched that of the program. ^[95]

Boris Spassky, World Champion from 1969 to 1972, considered Capablanca the best player of all time. ^[96] Bobby Fischer, who held the title from 1972 to 1975, admired Capablanca’s « light touch » and ability to see the right move very quickly. Fischer reported that in the 1950s, older members of the Manhattan Chess Club spoke of Capablanca’s performances with awe. ^[97]

Capablanca excelled in simple positions and endgames, and his positional judgment was outstanding, so much so that most attempts to attack him came to grief without any apparent defensive efforts on his part. However, he could play great tactical chess when necessary – most famously in the 1918 Manhattan Chess Club Championship tournament (in New York) where Marshall sprang a deeply-analyzed prepared variation on him, which he refuted while playing under the normal time limit (although ways have since been found to strengthen the Marshall Attack). ^{[19] [98]} He was also capable of using aggressive tactical play to drive home a positional advantage, provided he considered it safe and the most efficient way to win, for example against Spielmann in the 1927 New York tournament. ^{[99] [100]}

Influence on the game

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Capablanca founded no school per se, but his style was very influential in the games of two world champions: Fischer and Anatoly Karpov. Botvinnik also wrote how much he learned from Capablanca, and pointed out that Alekhine had received much schooling from him in positional play, before their fight for the world title made them bitter enemies.

As a chess writer, Capablanca did not present large amounts of detailed analysis, instead focusing on the critical moments in a game. His writing style was plain and easy to understand. ^[101] Botvinnik regarded Capablanca’s book Chess Fundamentals as the best chess book ever written. ^[101] Capablanca in a lecture and in his book A Primer of Chess pointed out that while the bishop was usually stronger than the knight, queen and knight was usually better than queen and bishop, especially in endings — the bishop merely mimics the queen’s diagonal move, while the knight can immediately reach squares the queen cannot. ^{[102] [103]} Research is divided over Capablanca’s conclusion: in 2007, Glenn Flear found little difference, ^[104] while in 1999, Larry Kaufman, analysing a large database of games, concluded that results very slightly favored queen plus knight. ^[105] John Watson wrote in 1998 that an unusually large proportion of queen and knight versus queen and bishop endings are drawn, and that most decisive games are characterized by the winning side having one or more obvious advantages in that specific game. ^[106]

Personality

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Early in his chess career, Capablanca had received some criticism, mainly in Britain, for the allegedly conceited description of his accomplishments in his first book, My Chess Career. He therefore took the unprecedented step of including virtually all of his tournament and match defeats up to that time in Chess Fundamentals, together with an instructive group of his victories. Nevertheless his preface to the 1934 edition of Chess Fundamentals is confident that the « reader may therefore go over the contents of the book with the assurance that there is in it everything he needs. » ^[101] However Julius du Mont wrote that he knew Capablanca well and could vouch that he was not conceited. In du Mont’s opinion critics should understand the difference between the merely gifted and the towering genius of Capablanca, and the contrast between the British tendency towards false modesty and the Latin and American tendency to say « I played this game as well as it could be played » if he honestly thought that it was correct. ^[6] Fischer also admired this frankness. ^[97] Du Mont also said that Capablanca was rather sensitive to criticism, ^[6] and chess historian Edward Winter documented a number of examples of self-criticism in My Chess Career. ^[101]

Despite his achievements Capablanca appeared more interested in baseball than in chess, which he described as « not a difficult game to learn and it is an enjoyable game to play. » ^[107] His second wife, Olga, thought he resented the way in which chess had dominated his life, and wished he could have studied music or medicine. ^[57]

Capablanca chess

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	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h	i	j
8											8
7											7
6											6
5											5
4											4
3											3
2											2
1											1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h	i	j

In an interview in 1925 Capablanca denied reports that he thought chess had already currently reached its limit because it was easy for top players to obtain a draw. However he was concerned that the accelerating development of chess technique and opening knowledge might cause such stagnation in 50 years’ time. Hence he suggested the adoption of a 10×8 board with 2 extra pieces per side:

• a chancellor that moves as both a rook and a knight;
• an archbishop that moves as both a bishop and a knight. This piece would be able to deliver checkmate on its own, which none of the conventional pieces can do.

He thought this would prevent technical knowledge from becoming such a dominant factor, at least for a few centuries. ^[109]

Capablanca and Edward Lasker experimented with 10×10 and 10×8 boards, using the same expanded set of pieces. They preferred the 8- rank version as it encouraged combat to start earlier, and their games typically lasted 20 to 25 moves. ^[108] Contrary to the claims of some critics, Capablanca proposed this variant while he was world champion, not as sour grapes after losing his title. ^[110]

Similar 10×8 variants had previously been described in 1617 by Pietro Carrera and in 1874 by Henry Bird, differing only in how the new pieces were placed in each side’s back row. Subsequent variants inspired by Capablanca’s experimentation have been proposed, including Grand chess (which uses a 10×10 board and has pawns on the third rank), Gothic Chess (which used to be patented), and Embassy Chess (the Grand chess setup on a 10×8 board)

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